Background A literature review revealed heavy reliance on a few key publications for identification of medicinal plant species from local or vernacular names and a lack of citation of voucher specimens in many publications. Softwarecrackworks Zip File Password Unlocker. There is a need for more reliable and standardized data on the identity of species used for medicine, especially because local names vary from region to region. This is especially true in the case of medicinal roots, for which identification of species is difficult. This paper contributes to existing data on the species sold as medicinal roots (and other underground plant parts such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes and tubers) in Morocco.

During the last decade, medicinal plants and their products have attracted world-wide interest due to the growing recognition of natural products and the potential for drug discovery [ ]. Many populations rely on medicinal plants because they are easily available at an affordable price.

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Morocco has high cultural diversity, a rich traditional medical system and associated traditional knowledge, and high rates of biodiversity which provide a diversity of medicinal plants. It has been estimated that approximately 7000 plant species and sub-species grow wild in Morocco, 950 of which are endemic [, ]. Among these, many species are aromatic or medicinal plants and are used locally in Morocco’s rich and widely used traditional medicine system. It has been estimated that about 231 local plant species present phytotherapeutic properties used by the local population to treat a variety of diseases [, ].

Subterranean or underground organs of medicinal plants locally referred to as laaroug which means “roots” in Moroccan Arabic, play a central role in the Moroccan pharmacopoeia. One third of plant materials used in Moroccan traditional medicine is derived from underground organs [ ] such as roots, bulbs, tubercles, and rhizomes (henceforth referred to as roots). Most of these are sold in herbal market stalls in a dried state which makes identification very difficult. Previous research has shown that both lay people and experts have more difficulty identifying medicinal roots than most other plant parts [ ] and that not all herbalists have the necessary skill to identify medicinal root species accurately. There is a large and growing body of research on medicinal plants and their pharmacological properties in Morocco.

However, much of this research is hindered by reliance on previous publications to identify species from a given local (or vernacular) name. Donizetti Concertino Pdf Download. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that many medicinal plants species have multiple local names to describe them, and, inversely, local names can refer to multiple species [, ].

In order to support future research and enhance research accuracy, it is necessary to establish a better and more reliable knowledge base of the identity of medicinal species, especially those used for their roots which are particularly prone to confusion. The present paper presents a brief literature review highlighting the need for additional primary botanical identification of medicinal plants in Morocco followed by the botanical identity and ethno-medicinal uses of species used for their roots, collected from the wild in southern Morocco and sold in the markets of Marrakech. This paper includes a literature review from research conducted across Morocco (Figure ). The roots identified in our botanical work were all reported to be sold in the herbal markets of Marrakech by herbalists and collected in surrounding rural regions (Figures and ). The seven rural collection sites, in the surrounding plains and the High Atlas Mountains, were between 10 and 240 km from Marrakech (Larbaa Tighdouine, Oukaimden, Touama, Tadart, Ait M’hamed, Sebt Aguerferouane, Ben Guerir, Asni, Tensift, and were in Marrakech and Azilal provinces (7 and 12 on the map in Figure ).

The collection site ecosystems were arid to semi-arid, similar to others found around the Mediterranean basin. These ecosystems are characterized by a rich endemic flora due, in part, to geographical variation providing a variety of bio-climates and habitat heterogeneity. The seasonal harvest of wild medicinal plants provides an important source of income for participating families in rural areas. These families play an important role in the conservation and management of these resources. Of the 26 papers we reviewed, 42% cited one or more botanical key used for the identification of collected species, 42% reported the name of the botanist(s) carrying out the identification, and 61.5% the botanist(s)’ affiliation (Table ). Although 58% papers reported the collection of voucher specimens, only 35% reported voucher numbers. The remaining papers used existing literature to identify species from vernacular names, rather than using a scientific identification process.

Of the provinces of Morocco (listed in Figure ), Chaouia-Ouardigha, Grand Casablanca, Doukkala-Abda (with only one study in each), the three Saharaian provinces and Azilal (with only 2 studies in each), and Marrakech, Oriental and Fez-Boulemane (with only 3 studies in each) were the least studied provinces. Meknes-Tafilalet was the most studied province (with 30% of the studies we reviewed having been conducted there), followed by Rabat, Gharb, Taza-Taounate and Tanger (with 4, 5 or 6 studies in each).