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FAT,,,,,,, Full name File Allocation Table Variants 8-bit FAT,,,,,,, Introduced 1977 ( 1977) with /: FAT12: 0x e.a. (Extended Attribute) FAT16: 0x e.a. FAT32: 0x e.a.: EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 Structures Directory contents Table File allocation Bad blocks Cluster tagging Limits Max. Volume size FAT12: 32 (256 MiB for 64 KiB clusters) FAT16: 2 GiB (4 GiB for 64 KiB clusters) FAT32: 2 (16 TiB for ) Max. File size 4,294,967,295 bytes (4 – 1) with FAT16B and FAT32 Max. Number of files FAT12: 4,068 for 8 clusters FAT16: 65,460 for 32 KiB clusters FAT32: 268,173,300 for 32 KiB clusters Max. This section needs expansion with: General descriptions of the various FAT file system types per talk page.

Alternatively, the missing information could be added to the various existing chapters. The very technical contents previously residing under Technical design were split out to. If you came here via an existing link please fix up the link by pointing it to instead, or leave a note on the talk page for assistance.

All previous embedded anchors continue to exist in the new article. You can help. (May 2014) The name of the file system originates from the file system's prominent usage of an index table, the ( FAT), statically allocated at the time of formatting. The table contains entries for each, a contiguous area of disk storage. Each entry contains either the number of the next cluster in the file, or else a marker indicating end of file, unused disk space, or special reserved areas of the disk. The root directory of the disk contains the number of the first cluster of each file in that directory; the operating system can then traverse the FAT, looking up the cluster number of each successive part of the disk file as a cluster chain until the end of the file is reached.

In much the same way, sub-directories are implemented as special files containing the directory entries of their respective files. Originally designed as an 8-bit file system, the maximum number of clusters has been significantly increased as disk drives have evolved, and so the number of bits used to identify each cluster has grown. The successive major variants of the FAT format are named after the number of table element bits: 12 (), 16 (), and 32 (). Except for the original precursor, each of these variants is still [ ] in use. The FAT standard has also been expanded in other ways while generally preserving backward compatibility with existing software. Uses [ ] The FAT file system has a (over three decades) of usage on desktops and portable computers, and it is frequently used in embedded solutions. FAT offers reasonably good performance and robustness, even in very light-weight implementations.

It is therefore widely adopted and supported by virtually all existing for personal computers as well as some and a multitude of. This also makes it a useful format for and a convenient way to share data between. FAT file systems are the default file system for removable media (with the exception of CDs and DVDs) and as such are commonly found on,, and cards or and are supported by most portable devices such as,,,, or mobile phones. While is omnipresent on floppy disks, and are typically found on the larger media. FAT was also commonly used on throughout the and eras, but its use on hard drives has declined since the introduction of, which primarily uses the newer. FAT is still used in hard drives expected to be used by multiple operating systems, such as in shared Windows, / and DOS environments. Due to the widespread use of FAT-formatted media, many operating systems provide support for FAT through official or third-party file system handlers.

For example,, /, and provide built-in support for FAT, even though they also support more sophisticated file systems such as. And support FAT file systems on volumes other than the. Supports FAT through the package. For many purposes, the NTFS file system is superior to FAT in terms of features and reliability; its main drawbacks are its complexity and the size overhead for small volumes as well as the very limited support by anything other than the NT-based versions of Windows, since the exact specification is a of Microsoft. The availability of since mid-2006 has led to much improved NTFS support in operating systems, considerably alleviating this concern. It is still not possible to use NTFS in DOS-like operating systems without third-party drivers, which in turn makes it difficult to use a DOS floppy for recovery purposes.

Microsoft provided a to work around this issue, but for security reasons it severely limited what could be done through the Recovery Console by default. The movement of recovery utilities to boot CDs based on, Linux (with NTFS-3G), or is eroding this drawback, but the complexity of NTFS prevents its implementation in light-weight operating systems or most embedded systems.

The file system adopted by almost all since 1998 defines a logical file system with and makes the use of either FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 or exFAT mandatory for its physical layer in order to maximize platform interoperability. FAT is also used internally for the (partition type ) in the boot stage of -compliant computers. Hidden FAT filesystems are also used in the boot partition on modern PC's where the UEFI specification requires compliant firmware to be capable of reading FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 compliant partitions.

For floppy disks, FAT has been standardized as -107 and / 9293:1994 (superseding ISO 9293:1987 ). These standards cover FAT12 and FAT16 with only short support; with are partially. Nomenclature [ ] Technically, the term 'FAT file system' refers to all three major variants of the file system,, and, and most parties clearly distinguish between them where necessary. In contrast to this, Microsoft typically no longer distinguishes between all three of them since the introduction of FAT32, and refers to both FAT12 and FAT16 as 'FAT', whereas 'FAT32' gets treated specially in dialog boxes and documentation.

This can sometimes lead to confusion if the actual type of the file system used is not mentioned or cannot be explicitly specified (e.g., 'Do you want to format as FAT or FAT32?' Instead of 'Do you want to format as FAT12, FAT16 or FAT32?' Another common cause of confusion exists within the group of FAT16 file systems, since the term ' refers to both, either the whole group of FAT file systems with 16-bit wide cluster entries, or specifically only the original implementation of it with, when it becomes necessary to differentiate between the original and the later implementation. While technically the newer variant with is called ', it is commonly referred to under the name 'FAT16' as well, in particular since the original variant is rarely seen today and typically only used on small media when with DOS before 3.31 is required. Further, the term ' has led to various misconceptions as well, as it is sometimes erroneously used as if it would describe another variant of FAT file system to be distinguished from the FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, while in reality it does not specify another file system, but an optional extension, which can work on top of any FAT file system, FAT12, FAT16 or FAT32.

Volumes utilizing VFAT long-filenames can be read also by operating systems not supporting the VFAT extension, as long any operating systems that support the underlying file system (FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32). Yet another cause for misconceptions stems from some apparent redundancy and possible ambiguity in the definition of FAT volumes. The general type of file system (FAT12, FAT16 or FAT32) is determined by the width of the cluster entries in the FAT. Specific threshold values for the amount of clusters (as stored in the BPB) have been defined to determine which FAT type is used. Even though other properties such as the size of the volume, the count of sectors, the format, the in an EBPB, or -in case of partitioned media- the used may often seem to be well-suited distinguishing criteria as well, they cannot reliably be used to derive the file system type from in all scenarios. Whilst uncommon, it is technically possible to define a FAT12 or FAT16 volume using a ' (which is sort of a misnomer for the EBPB variant introduced with ), which is normally used for FAT32 volumes, only. Also, while partition IDs sometimes indicate special properties such as hidden, secure, or access to an operating system, and as such are often used in conjunction with particular file system variants only, they are typically not used to specify a type of file system by themselves, but rather to keep (older or foreign) operating systems not aware of a partition ID from accessing partitions they cannot handle or should not work with.

It is therefore necessary to distinguish generic FAT file system types such as FAT12, FAT16 or FAT32 from FAT partition types such as FAT12, FAT16,,, FAT32, etc. See also: Original 8-bit FAT [ ] 8-bit FAT,, Full name 8-bit File Allocation Table Introduced 1977/1978: for NCR 1978: (16-byte directory entries) (1978: internal only) 1979-06-04: for SCP (16-byte directory entries) 1979: (32-byte directory entries) Limits Max. File size 8 MB File size granularity record-granularity (128 bytes) Max. Filename length (binary files), 9 characters (ASCII files) Max.

Directory depth no sub-directories Allowed characters in filenames ( 0x00 and 0xFF not allowed in first character) Features Dates recorded No Attributes Write protected, conversion, Read after write, Binary (random rather than sequential file) The original FAT file system (or FAT structure, as it was called initially) was designed and coded by, based on a series of discussions between McDonald and. It was introduced with table elements (and valid data cluster numbers up to 0xBF ) in a precursor to 's for an -based successor of the data-entry terminal, equipped with 8-inch (200 mm) floppy disks, in 1977 /1978. In 1978, Standalone Disk BASIC-80 was ported to the using an emulator on a DEC, since no real 8086 systems were available at this time.

The FAT file system was also utilized in Microsoft's, an operating system for 8080/Z80 platforms written by McDonald since 1979. The Standalone Disk BASIC version supported three FATs, whereas this was a parameter for MIDAS. Reportedly, MIDAS was also prepared to support 10-bit, 12-bit and 16-bit FAT variants. While the size of directory entries was 16 bytes in Standalone Disk BASIC, MIDAS instead occupied 32 bytes per entry. Of (SCP) was first introduced to Microsoft's FAT structure when he helped adapting the emulator port onto SCP's 8086 CPU board prototype during a guest week at Microsoft in May 1979. The final product was shown at ' booth stand at the in New York on June 4–7, 1979, where Paterson learned about the more sophisticated FAT implementation in MDOS/MIDAS and McDonald talked to him about the design of the file system. FAT12 [ ] FAT12,,,, Full name Introduced 1980-07 (, 16-byte directory entries) 1981-02-25 (, 32-byte, several reserved sectors) ca.

1981-08/10 (, 32-byte directory entries, 1 reserved sector) 1982-03-03 (, 32-byte directory entries, 1 reserved sector) /:: 0x e.a.: EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 Limits Max. Volume size 16 MiB (with 4 KiB clusters) 32 MiB (with 8 KiB clusters) Max. File size limited by volume size File size granularity 1 byte Max.

Number of files 4,068 for 8 KiB clusters Max. Filename length with characters, 255 characters when using Max. See also: Final FAT16 [ ] FAT16B,,,, Full name (with 32-bit sector entries) Introduced 1987-11 () 1988-06-28 () 1988 () 1988 () 1988 () /:: 0x (), e.a.: EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 Limits Min. Volume size 8 (with 128 byte sectors) 32 MiB (with byte sectors) 256 MiB (with sectors) Max.

Volume size 2 (with 32 clusters) 4 GiB (with 64 KiB clusters) (NT 4, PTS-DOS, EDR-DOS) 8 GiB (with 128 KiB clusters and 1 or 2 KiB sectors) (NT 4 and EDR-DOS only) 8 GiB (with 128 KiB clusters and 512 byte sectors) (EDR-DOS only) 16 GiB (with 256 KiB clusters and 2 or 4 KiB sectors) (NT 4 only) Max. File size 2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GiB – 1) (without ) 4,294,967,295 bytes (4 GiB – 1) (with ) limited by volume size only (with FAT16+ ) File size granularity 1 byte Max. Number of files 65,460 for 32 KiB clusters Max. Filename length with characters, 255 characters when using Max. Main article: In its () implemented a heavily modified variant of a FAT file system for the operating system. For larger files it utilized a performance feature named.

FATX [ ] FATX is a family of file systems designed for 's drives and, introduced in 2001. While resembling the same basic design ideas as and, the FATX16 and FATX32 on-disk structures are simplified but fundamentally incompatible with normal FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, making it impossible for normal FAT file system drivers to mount such volumes. The non-bootable sector is 4 KiB in size and holds an 18 byte large BPB-like structure completely different from normal. Clusters are typically 16 KiB in size and there is only one copy of the FAT on the Xbox. Directory entries are 64 bytes in size instead of the normal.

Files can have filenames up to 42 characters long using the and be up to 4 GiB minus 1 byte in size. The on-disk timestamps hold creation, modification and access dates and times but differ from FAT: in FAT, the is; in FATX, the epoch is. [ ] On the, the epoch is 1980. Main article: exFAT is a file system introduced with in November 2006 and brought to the Windows NT family with and (and/or separate installation of Windows XP Update KB955704). It is loosely based on the File Allocation Table architecture, but incompatible, proprietary and protected by patents. ExFAT is intended for use on (such as and ), where FAT32 is otherwise used.

Microsoft's and command-line format utilities offer it as an alternative to (and, for smaller partitions, to and ). The is (the same as used for,, and NTFS). Logical geometry information located in the is stored in a format not resembling any kind of BPB. FAT+ [ ] In 2007 the open FAT+ draft proposed how to store up to 256 GiB minus 1 byte or 274,877,906,943 (2 38 − 1) bytes on slightly modified and otherwise backward-compatible FAT32 volumes, but imposes a risk that disk tools or FAT32 implementations not aware of this extension may truncate or delete files exceeding the normal FAT32 file size limit. Support for FAT32+ and FAT16+ is limited to some versions of and not available in mainstream operating systems. (This extension is critically incompatible with the /EAS option of the FAT32.IFS method to store on FAT32 volumes.) Patents [ ] Microsoft applied for, and was granted, a series of patents for key parts of the FAT file system in the mid-1990s. All four pertain to long-filename extensions to FAT first seen in: U. Matlab For Mac Os X 10.5.8 Free Download on this page. S.

Patent 5,579,517, U. Galaxy Remote Servicing Suite Manual on this page. S. Patent 5,745,902, U.S. Patent 5,758,352, U.S.

Patent 6,286,013. On December 3, 2003 Microsoft announced that it would be offering licenses for use of its FAT specification and 'associated intellectual property', at the cost of a US$0.25 royalty per unit sold, with a $250,000 maximum royalty per license agreement.

To this end, Microsoft cited four patents on the FAT file system as the basis of its intellectual property claims. In the EFI FAT32 specification Microsoft specifically grants a number of rights, which many readers have interpreted as permitting operating system vendors to implement FAT. Non-Microsoft patents affecting FAT include: U.S.

Patent 5,367,671, specific to the extended object attributes (expired in 2011). Challenges and lawsuits [ ] The (PUBPAT) submitted evidence to the (USPTO) in 2004 disputing the validity of U.S.

Patent 5579517, including prior art references from and IBM. The USPTO opened an investigation and concluded by rejecting all claims in the patent. The next year, the USPTO further announced that following the re-examination process, it affirmed the rejection of '517 and additionally found U.S. Patent 5,758,352 invalid on the grounds that the patent had incorrect assignees. However, in 2006 the USPTO ruled that features of Microsoft's implementation of the FAT system were 'novel and non-obvious', reversing both earlier decisions and leaving the patents valid. In February 2009, Microsoft filed a lawsuit against alleging that the device maker's products infringe on patents related to long filenames. As some TomTom products are based on /, this marked the first time that Microsoft tried to enforce its patents against the GNU/Linux platform.

The lawsuit was settled out of court the following month with an agreement that Microsoft be given access to four of TomTom's patents, that TomTom will drop support for the VFAT long filenames from its products, and that in return Microsoft not seek legal action against TomTom for the five-year duration of the settlement agreement. In October 2010, Microsoft filed a patent infringement lawsuit against alleging several patents (including two of the VFAT patents) were not licensed for use in the operating system. They also submitted a complaint to the. Developers of open source software have designed methods intended to circumvent Microsoft's patents. In 2013, patent EP0618540 'common name space for long and short filenames' was invalidated in Germany.

See also [ ] • • • • • Notes [ ]. • ^ A driver named appeared before, in 3.11, but this older version was only used for implementing and did not support. • Windows XP has been observed to create similar hybrid disks when reformatting FAT16B formatted ZIP-100 disks to FAT32 format. The resulting volumes were FAT32 by format, but still used the FAT16B EBPB.

(It is unclear how Windows determines the location of the root directory on FAT32 volumes, if only a FAT16 EBPB was used.) • ^ Sources differ in regard to the first NCR data entry terminal integrating support for the FAT file system. According to and Paul Andrews, 'Gates', development was for a in late 1977, incorrectly classified as a floppy-based upgrade to the, which had been released in 1975-11 ( and ) and was built around an 8-bit processor, but was cassette-based only. However, the NCR Century 8200 was a 16-bit minicomputer, onto which several data entry terminals could be hooked up.

Even remembered a, a mainframe of the Criterion series, which can be ruled out as well. Announced 1977-10 for shipment in 1978-02, NCR also introduced the series including the 8080-based and models of small business systems featuring dual floppy disks.

Other sources indicate that either the NCR 7200 series itself or the successor series were the actual target platform. (based on ) became available for the cassette-based in Q1/1977. The series was released in 1978, based on a similar 8080 hardware, but now including and models featuring 8-inch diskettes., a precursor or adaptation of was available for them at least since 1979. One source claims that a special NCR 7200 model variant with two 8-inch diskettes and Microsoft BASIC existed and was imported by NCR Sydney into Australia the least.

• See for special precautions in regard to occurrences of a cluster value of 0xFF0 on FAT12 volumes under MS-DOS/PC DOS 3.3 and higher. • DR-DOS is able to boot off FAT12/FAT16 logical sectored media with up to 1024 bytes. References [ ].